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JAMB Use of EnglishStudy notes & practice

Practise reading, grammar, vocabulary and oral English with original worked questions.

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Foundation revision notes and original practice. These lessons cover selected reading, language and oral-English skills. They do not include a verified 2027 prescribed reading-text course.

What these revision notes cover
  • These lessons cover selected reading, language and oral-English skills. They do not include a verified 2027 prescribed reading-text course.
  • Written sound examples are not a listening test; more extended passages and question practice are needed.

01 Comprehension and summary

Finding the main idea

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Separate the central point from an illustration
  • Identify a suitable passage title

Understand it

A main idea states what a passage says about its subject. The subject may be transport; the main idea may be that a school bus reduced lateness. A title should cover the whole passage, rather than its most memorable detail.

A topic sentence often introduces a paragraph, but it may appear later or remain implied. Check the opening, repeated ideas and conclusion before deciding. Supporting figures and examples explain the point without replacing it.

Original passage: The school introduced a bus for pupils living beyond the bridge. In its first month, late arrivals from that area fell sharply. Some families still preferred walking, but teachers reported that lessons now began with fewer interruptions.

Work through an example

What is the main idea of the original passage?

Explanation: The bus improved punctuality and reduced classroom disruption. The bridge identifies the area served; it is not the main subject.

Watch out: Do not choose an answer merely because it repeats a word in the passage.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Read: A library extended its evening hours. Workers who could not visit during the day began borrowing books. Evening attendance doubled. Which title fits best?

  1. How books are printed
  2. A library closes permanently
  3. Longer hours improve library access
  4. Why all workers dislike reading
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: Longer hours improve library access

Every sentence supports the same development: extended opening hours allowed more people to use the library. The correct title covers that main idea. Printing books, disliking reading and permanent closure are not supported by the passage; avoid adding claims the writer did not make.

Question 2

Read: School gardens provide vegetables. They also help pupils observe plant growth and work together. What is the central point?

  1. Only vegetables matter in education
  2. School gardens have several benefits
  3. Every school owns a garden
  4. Gardening prevents all illness
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: School gardens have several benefits

The passage lists three benefits: vegetables, observing growth and working together. “Several benefits” includes all three. The alternatives either make unsupported universal claims about illness or school ownership, or narrow the message to vegetables alone.

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02 Comprehension and summary

Inference and evidence

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Draw conclusions supported by the passage
  • Distinguish an inference from a guess

Understand it

An inference connects stated details to a conclusion that the writer does not express directly. It must fit the evidence. A passage saying that a learner checked the clock repeatedly can suggest impatience or concern about time, but it cannot establish her exact thoughts without more context.

Read words such as some, usually and may carefully. They limit the claim. An answer containing always or everyone is too strong when the passage describes only a few cases.

Original passage: Musa put the unopened invitation beneath his books. When his sister mentioned the party, he changed the subject. This suggests reluctance to discuss the party. It does not prove that he dislikes every guest.

Work through an example

What can reasonably be inferred about Musa?

Explanation: He is avoiding discussion of the party; the passage does not give a definite reason.

Watch out: Do not import personal experience as if it were information in the passage.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Read: Rain had stopped, but the players waited while officials inspected pools of water on the pitch. Why was play probably delayed?

  1. The players had forgotten the rules
  2. The pitch might still be unsafe
  3. There were no officials
  4. The match had already ended
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: The pitch might still be unsafe

The inspection and standing water support concern about playing conditions.

Question 2

Read: Several candidates found the final question difficult. Which claim is supported?

  1. Every candidate failed
  2. No one answered any question
  3. The entire paper was impossible
  4. Some candidates struggled with the final question
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: Some candidates struggled with the final question

Several supports some, not every candidate or the whole paper.

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03 Comprehension and summary

Purpose, tone and passage types

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Distinguish narration, description, exposition and argument
  • Use language to infer attitude

Understand it

Narration presents events, often in time order. Description builds a picture of a person, place or thing. Exposition explains an idea or process. Argument offers reasons to persuade a reader to accept a position. A passage may combine these purposes.

Tone is the attitude expressed through wording. Praise may sound approving, a warning may sound concerned, and a mocking contrast may be sarcastic. Identify actual language before choosing a label.

An informative passage can include a personal opinion. Separate a checkable claim from an evaluation: the meeting lasted two hours is factual in form; the meeting was a dreadful waste is an opinion.

Work through an example

Classify: First wash the seeds, then spread them on a clean tray to dry.

Explanation: The main purpose is exposition: it explains a process in sequence.

Watch out: A sequence of steps is not automatically a story; identify the purpose.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Read: The council should repair the bridge because pupils cross it daily and its broken railings create danger. What is the main purpose?

  1. To persuade
  2. To list unrelated facts
  3. To describe a character’s clothes
  4. To narrate a holiday
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: To persuade

Should introduces a proposed action supported by reasons.

Question 2

Read: What a brilliant plan: lock the reading room during reading week! Which tone is most evident?

  1. Indifferent
  2. Fearful
  3. Sarcastic
  4. Celebratory
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: Sarcastic

The apparent praise conflicts with the obviously unhelpful action.

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04 Comprehension and summary

Summary and synthesis

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Combine related points without distortion
  • Remove repetition and examples

Understand it

A summary preserves essential information in fewer words. Synthesis combines related ideas from different sentences or paragraphs. Start by asking what each part contributes, then group points that belong together.

Leave out repeated examples, decorative descriptions and your own opinion. Preserve relationships such as cause, contrast and qualification. Replacing most with all changes the meaning even if the result is shorter.

Original passage: The market road has deep potholes. Delivery vehicles move slowly and some traders pay extra transport charges. The bridge on the same route is narrow. A useful synthesis is that poor road and bridge conditions delay deliveries and increase costs.

Work through an example

Summarise: A club lends textbooks to members. It also shares revision notes, helping members spend less on study materials.

Explanation: The club reduces study costs by sharing books and revision materials.

Watch out: A summary must not introduce a claim that the original never made.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Read: Trees shade buildings and reduce heat. Their roots also help hold soil in place. Choose the best summary.

  1. Trees prevent every environmental problem
  2. Buildings do not need trees
  3. Trees moderate heat and help protect soil
  4. Trees are useful only for timber
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: Trees moderate heat and help protect soil

The answer preserves both benefits without exaggeration.

Question 2

Read: Most pupils arrived early, although a few were delayed by rain. Which summary keeps the qualification?

  1. Nobody was delayed
  2. Rain delayed everyone
  3. Most arrived early; rain delayed some
  4. All arrived early
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: Most arrived early; rain delayed some

The words most and some retain the contrast.

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05 Comprehension and summary

Cloze tests and cohesion

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Choose words using grammar and meaning
  • Follow pronoun references and connectors

Understand it

A cloze passage contains gaps that must fit the whole text. Read beyond a gap before answering. A word can be grammatical in one sentence but unsuitable for the surrounding argument or topic.

Connectors show relationships: because gives a reason, however marks contrast, and therefore introduces a result. Pronouns such as she, it and they must refer clearly to an earlier or later noun.

Original passage: The tank was empty, so the school bought water. However, the supplier arrived late. Consequently, the afternoon cleaning was postponed. The connectors move from cause to contrast to result.

Work through an example

Complete: The hall was crowded; ___, the organisers opened another room.

Explanation: Therefore fits because opening another room is a consequence of crowding.

Watch out: Do not select a connector simply because it sounds formal.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Complete the passage: Amina saved her work before the power failed. ___, she lost no data.

  1. Unless
  2. Nevertheless
  3. Although
  4. Consequently
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: Consequently

The second sentence is the result of saving her work.

Question 2

Read: Kola lent Tunde a dictionary because Tunde had left his at home. What does his replace?

  1. Tunde’s dictionary
  2. The school’s bus
  3. Amina’s book
  4. Kola’s home
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: Tunde’s dictionary

The possessive pronoun refers to the dictionary belonging to Tunde.

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06 Lexis and structure

Word classes and grammatical functions

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Identify word classes in context
  • Distinguish phrase form from sentence function

Understand it

A word class describes a word’s grammatical category: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction or determiner. The same spelling can belong to different classes: water is a noun in drink water but a verb in water the plants.

A phrase is a group of related words; a clause normally has a subject and a verb. In an imperative such as Stop!, the subject you is understood rather than written. A noun phrase may act as subject, object or complement. Identify both what a unit is and what job it performs.

In The pupil with the blue bag arrived, the whole noun phrase is the subject. With the blue bag is a prepositional phrase modifying pupil. Its position does not make it the object of arrived.

Work through an example

Name the function of the bracketed clause: I know [that she passed].

Explanation: It functions as the object of know; the clause states what is known.

Watch out: Do not confuse a unit’s label with its role: noun clause is a form; object is a function.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

In They paint carefully, what word class is carefully?

  1. Noun
  2. Adverb
  3. Preposition
  4. Pronoun
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: Adverb

Carefully modifies the action paint.

Question 2

In The boy near the window waved, which word is the head of the subject phrase?

  1. boy
  2. near
  3. window
  4. waved
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: boy

Boy is the central noun; near the window adds information about him.

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07 Lexis and structure

Clauses and sentence patterns

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Recognise independent and dependent clauses
  • Interpret active, passive and conditional patterns

Understand it

An independent clause can stand as a complete sentence. A dependent clause cannot normally stand alone: although it rained needs another clause to complete its relationship. A compound sentence joins independent clauses; a complex sentence includes a dependent clause.

Active voice places the doer in subject position: The prefect opened the gate. Passive voice makes the receiver the subject: The gate was opened by the prefect. The action remains the same.

Conditions connect a situation and a result. If she studies, she will improve refers to an open future possibility. If she had studied, she would have improved imagines a different past.

Work through an example

Change The committee approved the plan to passive voice.

Explanation: The plan was approved by the committee. Preserve the past tense.

Watch out: Do not change tense while changing voice.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which is a complex sentence?

  1. We stayed inside because it rained.
  2. The bell rang.
  3. Ada sang and Musa danced.
  4. Stop!
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: We stayed inside because it rained.

Because it rained is a dependent clause attached to the main clause.

Question 2

If I had seen the notice, I would have applied implies that the speaker

  1. will apply tomorrow
  2. wrote the notice
  3. certainly applied
  4. did not see the notice in time
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: did not see the notice in time

The unreal past condition implies that the stated past condition was not fulfilled.

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08 Lexis and structure

Tense, aspect and mood

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Choose verb forms matching time relationships
  • Recognise requests and hypothetical statements

Understand it

Tense locates a situation in time, while aspect shows how the speaker views its progress or completion. She reads describes a habit; she is reading presents an ongoing activity; she has read connects completion with the present.

The past perfect marks an earlier past event when the sequence needs clarification. By the time the teacher arrived, we had finished places finishing before arrival. A clear time expression can sometimes make the sequence obvious without it.

Mood includes statements, commands and hypothetical wishes. In formal hypothetical usage, If I were you introduces advice. Keep the verb pattern consistent with the meaning rather than choosing by sound alone.

Work through an example

Complete: By eight yesterday, the workers ___ the repair.

Explanation: Had completed is suitable when the sentence looks back from eight to an earlier completed repair.

Watch out: Do not use the present perfect with a finished past time such as yesterday in standard usage.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Choose the correct sentence.

  1. She visited Kano yesterday.
  2. She visit Kano yesterday.
  3. She has visited Kano yesterday.
  4. She visiting Kano yesterday.
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: She visited Kano yesterday.

Yesterday is a finished past time, so the simple past fits.

Question 2

Complete the formal advice: If I ___ you, I would apologise.

  1. am
  2. be
  3. were
  4. will be
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: were

Were is the standard hypothetical form in this expression.

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09 Lexis and structure

Agreement, number and comparison

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Match subjects and verbs
  • Use count nouns and comparison accurately

Understand it

A finite verb agrees with its subject, not a nearby noun. The box of pencils is missing has the singular head box. With each or every, a singular head normally requires a singular verb.

Count nouns can take numbers and plural forms; mass nouns such as information and equipment normally do not. Say two pieces of equipment, rather than two equipments. Check whether the context changes a noun’s usual use.

Comparatives compare two or more items; superlatives identify the highest degree within a group. Use better and best for good. Avoid double forms such as more better or most tallest.

Work through an example

Choose: Each of the learners has/have a card.

Explanation: Has: the head each is singular despite the plural noun learners.

Watch out: Ignore distracting nouns inside phrases when identifying the subject.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Complete: The list of candidates ___ on the desk.

  1. are
  2. were
  3. have
  4. is
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: is

List is the singular head of the subject.

Question 2

Which expression is standard?

  1. three informations
  2. an information
  3. many informations
  4. much information
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: much information

Information is normally a mass noun in this meaning.

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10 Lexis and structure

Question tags and sentence interpretation

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Form tags with the correct auxiliary
  • Explain the meaning of a sentence

Understand it

A tag question usually repeats the sentence’s auxiliary with opposite polarity: She can swim, can’t she? The pronoun must refer to the subject. The negative tag balances the positive statement.

If there is no auxiliary in a simple present or past statement, use do, does or did in the tag. Negative words such as never make the statement negative in meaning, so a positive tag follows.

Sentence interpretation asks for equivalent meaning. Pay attention to only, almost, hardly and unless. He almost won means he came close but did not win; it does not mean he won by a small margin.

Work through an example

Add a tag: They left early, ___.

Explanation: Didn’t they? The past simple left requires did in the tag.

Watch out: The nearest word is not always the correct subject for the tag.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Complete: She has finished, ___?

  1. hasn’t she
  2. did she
  3. doesn’t she
  4. isn’t it
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: hasn’t she

Has is the auxiliary, and the positive statement takes a negative tag.

Question 2

He narrowly escaped punishment means he

  1. received a small punishment
  2. punished someone else
  3. escaped after being punished
  4. just managed to avoid punishment
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: just managed to avoid punishment

Narrowly escaped describes avoidance by a small margin.

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11 Lexis and structure

Synonyms, antonyms and contextual vocabulary

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Choose similar or opposite meanings in context
  • Distinguish literal from figurative senses

Understand it

A synonym has a similar meaning; an antonym has an opposite meaning. Context decides which meaning is relevant. A bright lamp gives light, while a bright pupil is intelligent. Replacing bright with luminous works only in the first context.

Check the word class and tone as well as meaning. A replacement must fit the sentence grammatically. Formal and informal words may have related meanings but suit different situations.

Do not assume that every word has one exact opposite. A light bag contrasts with a heavy bag, whereas a light room contrasts with a dark room.

Work through an example

Find an opposite for scarce in Water is scarce in the village.

Explanation: Abundant. Here scarce means in short supply.

Watch out: Choose by the meaning in the sentence, not the first dictionary meaning you remember.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

In Her reply was brief, which word is closest to brief?

  1. short
  2. late
  3. false
  4. rude
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: short

Brief describes length, not politeness or truth.

Question 2

In The witness gave a frank account, the opposite of frank is

  1. direct
  2. evasive
  3. open
  4. honest
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: evasive

Frank means open and candid; evasive suggests avoiding clear disclosure.

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12 Lexis and structure

Idioms and figures of speech

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Interpret standard idioms
  • Recognise common figurative devices

Understand it

An idiom has an established meaning that cannot always be worked out word by word. To break the ice means to ease initial awkwardness. Learn the whole expression and a suitable context instead of translating it literally.

A simile makes an explicit comparison, often with like or as. A metaphor identifies one thing with another. Personification gives human qualities to something non-human; hyperbole deliberately exaggerates.

Figurative meaning depends on context. In The news was a heavy blow, no physical blow is required. The sentence presents the news as emotionally damaging.

Work through an example

Explain: After losing the first match, the team went back to the drawing board.

Explanation: The team reconsidered its plan and began working on a new approach.

Watch out: Do not interpret a conventional idiom as a literal description.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

To spill the beans means to

  1. make a profit
  2. reveal a secret
  3. waste a meal
  4. plant seeds
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: reveal a secret

The idiom refers to disclosure of information intended to remain secret.

Question 2

The wind whispered through the trees uses

  1. personification
  2. an acronym
  3. a proverb
  4. a literal definition
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: personification

Whispering is a human action attributed to the wind.

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13 Lexis and structure

Spelling, punctuation and mechanics

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Recognise correct spelling
  • Use punctuation to preserve meaning

Understand it

Punctuation groups ideas and helps readers understand relationships. A comma can mark an introductory phrase or separate items; a full stop closes a sentence. A semicolon can connect closely related independent clauses.

An apostrophe can mark possession or missing letters. The pupils’ books belong to several pupils; the pupil’s book belongs to one. Its is possessive, while it’s means it is or it has.

Check easily confused spellings and words such as their, there and they’re. British English forms should remain consistent, but punctuation questions still depend on sentence meaning.

Work through an example

Correct: Its raining, but the dog is in it’s kennel.

Explanation: It’s raining, but the dog is in its kennel. The first is a contraction; the second shows possession.

Watch out: Do not add an apostrophe to every word ending in s.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which spelling is correct?

  1. accommondation
  2. acommodation
  3. accommodation
  4. accomodation
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: accommodation

Accommodation contains double c and double m.

Question 2

Which means the bags belonging to several girls?

  1. the girl bags
  2. the girls bags’
  3. the girls’ bags
  4. the girl’s bags
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: the girls’ bags

The plural possessive apostrophe follows the final s of girls.

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14 Oral forms

Vowels, consonants and clusters

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Distinguish sounds from letters
  • Recognise vowel movement and consonant clusters

Understand it

Oral English tests sounds rather than spelling. A vowel is produced without the complete obstruction used in many consonants. A monophthong has one principal vowel quality; a diphthong glides between two within one syllable.

Standard British English descriptions also discuss triphthongs, such as the vowel sequence often represented in fire. Pronunciations vary, and compressed everyday forms may have fewer clearly separate stages. Use a recognised British pronunciation reference for individual words.

A consonant cluster contains adjacent consonant sounds without an intervening vowel. The beginning of stop is /st/. Letters can mislead: the initial k in knee is silent, so it does not form a spoken /kn/ cluster.

Work through an example

Why do seat and sit form a useful vowel contrast?

Explanation: In the reference pronunciation they contain /iː/ and /ɪ/ respectively; changing the vowel changes the word.

Watch out: Count sounds, not letters, when identifying a cluster.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which word begins with the consonant cluster /st/?

  1. knee
  2. shop
  3. top
  4. stop
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: stop

Stop begins with /s/ followed immediately by /t/.

Question 2

Which word contains the diphthong /eɪ/ in standard British pronunciation?

  1. sit
  2. cup
  3. bed
  4. day
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: day

Day contains a glide /eɪ/, unlike the single vowel qualities in the distractors.

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15 Oral forms

Rhymes, homophones and word stress

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Recognise rhyming sounds and homophones
  • Identify the stressed syllable

Understand it

Rhyming words share the vowel of the final stressed syllable and the sounds after it. Spelling is not enough: through rhymes with blue, while cough does not rhyme with though.

Homophones have the same pronunciation but different meanings or spellings, such as sea and see. Homographs share spelling, but their pronunciation may differ. Meaning and sentence function help identify the intended word.

Word stress gives one syllable greater prominence. Some noun–verb pairs shift stress: REcord as a noun and reCORD as a verb. Learn the whole pronunciation; do not assume every two-syllable word follows that pattern.

Work through an example

Which word rhymes with light: height, hit or late?

Explanation: Height. Both words end with the sound sequence /aɪt/.

Watch out: Similar spelling does not guarantee a rhyme.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which pair are homophones in standard British pronunciation?

  1. bed and bird
  2. pair and pear
  3. cap and cup
  4. ship and sheep
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: pair and pear

Pair and pear share pronunciation despite different meanings and spellings.

Question 2

Which syllable is normally stressed in record when it is used as a noun?

  1. The second
  2. Both equally
  3. The first
  4. Neither
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: The first

The noun usually has first-syllable stress, contrasting with the verb reCORD.

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16 Oral forms and approved reading text

Emphatic stress and reading-text study

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Interpret emphasis in connected speech
  • Build evidence-based notes on an approved book

Understand it

Emphatic stress highlights a contrast. In ADA bought the book, the speaker emphasises who bought it. In Ada bought the BOOK, the emphasis contrasts the object with something else. A matching question often proposes the information being corrected.

The official English syllabus includes an approved reading text but does not name it in this PDF. JAMB’s 23 February 2026 bulletin names The Lekki Headmaster for 2026. This source does not independently confirm the title for 2027.

For any confirmed reading text, record characters, relationships, event order, setting and themes while reading the full book. Connect each interpretation to an event. These general study exercises do not replace text-specific lessons or establish that the book has been covered.

Work through an example

What does emphasis on yesterday suggest in She arrived YESTERDAY?

Explanation: The speaker is correcting or contrasting the time of arrival.

Watch out: Do not transfer a past examination’s prescribed novel to a new year without confirmation.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

In MUSA borrowed my pen, which question best matches the correction?

  1. Did Musa buy your pen?
  2. Did Ada borrow your pen?
  3. Did Musa borrow your pen yesterday?
  4. Did Musa borrow your ruler?
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: Did Ada borrow your pen?

The stressed name contrasts Musa with another person.

Question 2

What best supports a claim about a novel’s theme?

  1. The number of pages alone
  2. Specific events and character choices in the text
  3. An unsupported social-media comment
  4. The colour of its cover
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: Specific events and character choices in the text

Theme analysis needs evidence from the work itself.

Link to this topic

Syllabus source and learning material

Scope checked against JAMB’s IBASS source on 2026-10-16. Current IBASS file; not independently labelled 2027. Notes, examples and practice questions are original CampusNinja learning material, not authenticated JAMB past questions.

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