CAMPUSNINJA / THE STUDY DESK

JAMB Physical and Health EducationStudy notes & practice

Study movement, fitness, anatomy, sport and health with original practice and careful distinctions.

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Foundation revision notes and original practice. These notes introduce movement, sport, anatomy and health. They are not practical coaching, first-aid certification or personal medical advice.

What these revision notes cover
  • These notes introduce movement, sport, anatomy and health. They are not practical coaching, first-aid certification or personal medical advice.
  • Practical demonstrations, diagrams and current sport-rule applications need further study.

01 Foundations

Foundations of Physical Education

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Explain the aims and scope of PE
  • Compare educational purposes of movement

Understand it

Physical Education uses planned movement experiences to develop physical skills, understanding and social participation. It includes learning how to move and learning through movement. Winning a competition is only one possible outcome, not the whole purpose of PE.

Historical approaches differ. Ancient Greek education linked physical activity with civic and cultural life, while military preparation was especially important in Sparta. Nigerian movement traditions include games, dance and physical work; formal school programmes developed through colonial and later educational systems.

The syllabus names educators such as Hetherington, Dudley Sargent, Thomas Wood and John Dewey. Their detailed philosophies require historical study. A useful modern comparison asks whether a programme develops the whole learner, provides meaningful practice and includes different abilities, rather than using exercise merely as punishment.

Work through an example

A lesson teaches passing, cooperation and fair play. Which aspects of PE does it develop?

Explanation: Motor skill, social cooperation and ethical understanding. These aims can be developed together.

Watch out: Physical Education is broader than competitive sport.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which is a broad aim of PE?

  1. Using competition results as the only assessment
  2. Selecting elite performers as the only goal
  3. Developing movement skills and understanding
  4. Treating physical fitness as the only learning outcome
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: Developing movement skills and understanding

Physical Education develops movement skills and understanding alongside fitness and personal or social learning. Selecting elite performers, measuring fitness alone or judging only competition results would leave out important parts of that broad educational purpose.

Question 2

Which activity can belong to PE beyond competitive sport?

  1. Memorising results without participation
  2. Dance and movement learning
  3. Equipment purchasing without instruction
  4. Sports administration with no movement learning
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: Dance and movement learning

Dance and movement learning involve physical participation and can develop coordination, expression and cultural understanding. The other choices concern memorising results, administration or purchasing without movement learning, so they do not directly meet the example asked for.

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02 Foundations

Health education and health promotion

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What you should be able to do

  • Distinguish education from wider promotion
  • Identify health-education settings

Understand it

Health education develops knowledge and skills for informed health choices. Health promotion is broader: it includes supportive environments, services, policies and community action. Information is useful, but people also need realistic opportunities to act on it.

Health education can occur at home, in school, in workplaces, communities and health facilities. A school lesson about handwashing is education; reliable water and soap also make the behaviour possible. Both individual and environmental conditions matter.

Good health communication uses accurate information, suitable language and respectful dialogue. Check understanding rather than assuming a poster has changed behaviour. Avoid blaming people for barriers such as inaccessible facilities or unavailable services.

Work through an example

Why may a handwashing campaign fail if there is no water at school?

Explanation: Knowledge alone cannot overcome the missing resource. Health promotion should address the environment as well as information.

Watch out: Health education and health promotion are related but not identical.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which is health education?

  1. Measuring a sports field for construction
  2. Teaching how infections spread
  3. Providing water infrastructure without an educational element
  4. Delivering treatment without explanation
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: Teaching how infections spread

Health education develops understanding and practical health skills.

Question 2

Which makes a health programme more usable?

  1. Punishment for barriers outside the learner’s control
  2. Information without the resources to act on it
  3. The same message regardless of local needs
  4. Accessible facilities and clear information
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: Accessible facilities and clear information

Supportive conditions help people put knowledge into practice.

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03 Anatomy and physiology

Cells, tissues and organisation

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What you should be able to do

  • Relate cells, tissues, organs and systems
  • Compare mitosis and meiosis

Understand it

The cell is a basic unit of living structure and function. Its membrane controls exchange, cytoplasm contains many reactions, and the nucleus usually contains genetic information. Specialised cells have features suited to their jobs.

Similar cooperating cells form tissues. Epithelial tissue covers surfaces; connective tissue supports and joins structures; muscle tissue contracts; nervous tissue carries and processes signals. Organs combine tissues, and organ systems coordinate several organs.

Mitosis normally produces two cells with the same chromosome number as the parent cell and supports growth and repair. Meiosis produces haploid cells involved in sexual reproduction and contributes genetic variation. Differentiation makes cells specialised; it is not simply an increase in cell size.

Work through an example

Arrange muscle cell, muscle tissue, heart and circulatory system from smallest organisational level to largest.

Explanation: Muscle cell → muscle tissue → heart → circulatory system.

Watch out: An organ contains more than one tissue type.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which tissue is specialised for contraction?

  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Nervous
  4. Muscle
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: Muscle

Muscle cells generate force through contraction.

Question 2

Which division reduces chromosome number for sexual reproduction?

  1. Mitosis
  2. DNA replication alone
  3. Meiosis
  4. Cell differentiation
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: Meiosis

Meiosis creates haploid cells so fertilisation can restore the diploid number.

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04 Anatomy and physiology

Skeleton, bones and joints

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What you should be able to do

  • Distinguish axial and appendicular skeleton
  • Identify joint movements

Understand it

The skeleton supports the body, protects organs and provides attachment for muscles. The axial skeleton includes skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage; the appendicular skeleton includes limbs and their girdles. Bone is living tissue, not merely a rigid dead frame.

Joint structure affects movement. Hinge joints mainly permit bending and straightening, while ball-and-socket joints allow movement in several planes. Cartilage provides a smooth surface at many joints; ligaments connect bone to bone; tendons connect muscle to bone.

Flexion reduces the angle at a joint; extension increases it. Abduction moves a limb away from the body's midline, while adduction moves it towards the midline. Describe movement relative to anatomical position rather than using vague words such as “up” for every action.

Work through an example

Bending the elbow brings the forearm towards the upper arm. Name the movement.

Explanation: Flexion, because the angle between the bones decreases.

Watch out: Tendons and ligaments have different main connections.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

What connects a muscle to a bone?

  1. Articular cartilage
  2. Synovial membrane
  3. Tendon
  4. Ligament
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: Tendon

A tendon transmits muscle force to bone.

Question 2

Moving an arm away from the midline is called what?

  1. Abduction
  2. Flexion
  3. Extension
  4. Adduction
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: Abduction

Abduction moves a part away from the midline.

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05 Anatomy and physiology

Muscles, contraction and posture

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Explain opposing muscle action
  • Distinguish static and moving contractions

Understand it

Skeletal muscles produce movement by pulling on attachments. Muscles often work in opposing groups: elbow flexors and extensors coordinate bending and straightening. A muscle cannot actively push a bone in the same way it pulls.

In an isometric contraction, tension develops without a substantial change in muscle length or joint position. Dynamic contractions involve movement: a muscle can shorten concentrically or lengthen eccentrically while producing force. The school term isotonic usually describes movement under relatively steady load.

Posture concerns body alignment. Comfortable, supported positions and varied movement matter; persistent pain or structural changes need professional assessment. Somatotype labels describe broad body-shape tendencies, not fixed abilities or personal worth. Body shape alone cannot determine sporting success.

Work through an example

Holding a weight still with the elbow at a fixed angle illustrates what contraction?

Explanation: Mainly isometric contraction: force is produced while the joint position stays substantially unchanged.

Watch out: A working muscle does not always shorten.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which contraction produces tension without obvious joint movement?

  1. Eccentric
  2. Passive movement
  3. Concentric
  4. Isometric
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: Isometric

Isometric work maintains position while producing force.

Question 2

Why should body type not be used to exclude someone from sport?

  1. Skill, training and many other factors affect performance
  2. Body type alone reliably predicts eventual results
  3. Everyone in one body category needs identical training
  4. Body shape removes the influence of practice
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: Skill, training and many other factors affect performance

Performance depends on multiple factors and participation should support individual abilities.

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06 Anatomy and physiology

Nervous system and sense organs

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Trace a simple reflex pathway
  • Relate receptors to sensation

Understand it

The central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nerves connect it with the body. Sensory pathways carry information towards the central system; motor pathways carry commands towards effectors such as muscles.

A reflex is a rapid, relatively automatic response. A simple withdrawal pathway involves receptor, sensory neuron, spinal processing, motor neuron and muscle. Awareness in the brain can follow while the protective response is already occurring.

Sense organs contain specialised receptors. The retina detects light; the inner ear supports hearing and balance; skin contains receptors for several sensations. Smell and taste respond to chemicals. These signals are interpreted by the nervous system rather than by the sense organ acting alone.

Work through an example

A hand quickly withdraws after touching something painfully hot. What does the reflex pathway achieve?

Explanation: It starts a rapid protective response without waiting for a deliberate decision, while information also reaches the brain.

Watch out: A reflex does not mean no nervous processing occurs.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which structures form the central nervous system?

  1. Brain and spinal cord
  2. Sense organs and peripheral nerves
  3. Brain and peripheral nerves only
  4. Spinal cord and skeletal muscles
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: Brain and spinal cord

The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.

Question 2

A sensory neuron generally carries information in which direction?

  1. From the central nervous system to an effector
  2. Only from one muscle fibre to another
  3. Towards the central nervous system
  4. Directly between tendon and bone
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: Towards the central nervous system

Sensory pathways transmit receptor information towards central processing.

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07 Anatomy and physiology

Heart, circulation and blood

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Trace pulmonary and systemic circulation
  • Identify blood components

Understand it

The heart pumps blood through two linked circuits. Pulmonary circulation carries blood from the right side to the lungs and back to the left side. Systemic circulation carries blood from the left side to the body and back to the right.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry it towards the heart. This definition is about direction, not oxygen content. Pulmonary arteries carry relatively deoxygenated blood; pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.

Red blood cells transport oxygen using haemoglobin. White blood cells support immune defence; platelets help clotting; plasma carries dissolved substances and cells. Capillaries provide thin exchange surfaces between blood and tissues. Exercise increases the delivery needed by active tissues.

Work through an example

Why is “all arteries contain oxygenated blood” incorrect?

Explanation: The pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs before it receives oxygen. Arteries are defined by direction of flow.

Watch out: Oxygen content does not define an artery or vein.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which blood component contains haemoglobin for oxygen transport?

  1. White blood cells
  2. Platelets
  3. Plasma
  4. Red blood cells
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: Red blood cells

Red cells contain haemoglobin, which binds oxygen.

Question 2

Which circuit links the heart and lungs?

  1. Systemic
  2. Hepatic portal
  3. Pulmonary
  4. Coronary
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: Pulmonary

Pulmonary circulation carries blood to the lungs and back.

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08 Anatomy and physiology

Respiration and excretion

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What you should be able to do

  • Distinguish ventilation and cellular respiration
  • Identify excretory roles

Understand it

Ventilation moves air into and out of the lungs. During normal inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and thoracic volume increases, helping air enter. Gas exchange occurs across thin alveolar surfaces: oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves it.

Cellular respiration releases usable energy from nutrients. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen; high-intensity activity can also rely substantially on energy pathways that do not directly use oxygen. Breathing and cellular energy release are connected but are not the same process.

Excretion removes metabolic wastes. Kidneys regulate water and dissolved substances while forming urine; lungs remove carbon dioxide; skin loses water and salts in sweat. Egestion removes undigested food and should not be confused with excretion of metabolic waste.

Work through an example

Is removing undigested food in faeces the same as removing urea in urine?

Explanation: No. Faecal removal is egestion; removal of urea is excretion of a metabolic waste.

Watch out: Ventilation, gas exchange and cellular respiration are distinct processes.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Where does most gas exchange occur in the lungs?

  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Nasal cavity
  4. Alveoli
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: Alveoli

Alveoli provide a large thin surface close to capillaries.

Question 2

Which organ is central to urine formation?

  1. Urinary bladder
  2. Kidney
  3. Ureter
  4. Liver
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: Kidney

The kidneys filter and regulate blood components, producing urine.

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09 Sports and games

Track and field fundamentals

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Classify athletics events
  • Explain technique and safety principles

Understand it

Track events include sprinting, distance running, hurdles and relays. Field events include jumps and throws. Speed, endurance, coordination and power contribute in different proportions. An athlete's training should match the event's demands.

A sprint involves start, acceleration, high-speed running and finish. Relay performance also depends on coordinated baton exchange. Jumping combines approach, take-off, flight and landing; throwing combines controlled preparation and release. Technique should be learned progressively with qualified supervision.

Safety is especially important around throwing sectors, landing areas and running lanes. Retrieve implements only when instructed and keep spectators outside danger areas. Exact dimensions, exchange-zone rules and event specifications depend on current governing rules and competition category; they need separate verified rule sheets.

Work through an example

Why can a relay team lose time despite having fast individual runners?

Explanation: Poorly coordinated exchanges can interrupt speed and increase errors, so teamwork and technique matter as well as running speed.

Watch out: Do not infer current competition specifications from an old textbook table.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which is a field event?

  1. Relay running
  2. Long jump
  3. 400 m race
  4. 100 m sprint
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: Long jump

Long jump is performed in a field-event area rather than as a track race.

Question 2

Which is essential in a throwing area?

  1. Allowing spectators at the edge of the expected landing area
  2. Retrieving implements while another athlete prepares to release
  3. Assuming an empty runway makes the sector safe
  4. A clear controlled landing sector
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: A clear controlled landing sector

A controlled clear sector reduces the risk of being struck by an implement.

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10 Sports and games

Football and basketball skills

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Compare core skills
  • Explain decision-making and officiating

Understand it

Football skills include passing, receiving, dribbling, shooting and defending. Effective passing considers timing, direction and the receiver's space. Moving without the ball can create a passing option, so skill is not limited to the player in possession.

Basketball includes dribbling, passing, shooting, pivoting, rebounding and defensive movement. A chest pass and a bounce pass serve different situations. Good shooting combines balance, coordinated movement and consistent release, developed through suitable practice.

Officials apply rules and manage the contest; players must understand boundaries, fouls and restarts. Football and basketball have different possession and contact rules. Detailed laws, timings and dimensions must be checked against the current rules for the relevant level rather than guessed from memory.

Work through an example

Why should a passer look for space as well as the teammate?

Explanation: The pass must reach a usable area while avoiding defenders, allowing the teammate to control it and continue play.

Watch out: Physical contact allowed in one sport is not automatically allowed in another.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which basketball skill retrieves the ball after a missed shot?

  1. Screening
  2. Rebounding
  3. Pivoting
  4. Dribbling
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: Rebounding

A rebound is gaining the ball after an unsuccessful shot.

Question 2

What is one purpose of movement away from the ball?

  1. Creating space and passing options
  2. Stopping all movement once a pass is made
  3. Following the ball without regard to team shape
  4. Keeping every attacker in the same space
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: Creating space and passing options

Off-ball movement helps organise attack and open routes for passes.

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11 Sports and games

Table tennis and badminton fundamentals

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Compare equipment and stroke purposes
  • Explain court movement

Understand it

Table tennis uses a small ball and table; badminton uses a shuttle and court. Both require timing, racket control and recovery. Watching the incoming object and returning to a useful position help prepare the next stroke.

In badminton, a clear sends the shuttle deep, a drop aims to land nearer the net and a smash is an attacking downward stroke. In table tennis, drives, pushes and blocks manage pace, placement and spin. Stroke choice depends on the incoming shot and the opponent's position.

Singles and doubles require different space management and coordination. A safe playing area needs suitable clearance, footwear and equipment. Scoring systems, service requirements and dimensions should be learned from current official rule sheets, which are a separate verification task.

Work through an example

Why might a badminton player alternate deep clears and short drops?

Explanation: Changing depth makes the opponent move and can create space for the next shot.

Watch out: A racket game is not defined only by its scoring system.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which object is used in badminton?

  1. Shuttle
  2. Tennis ball
  3. Squash ball
  4. Table-tennis ball
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: Shuttle

Badminton uses a shuttle struck with a racket.

Question 2

A badminton clear generally aims to send the shuttle where?

  1. Steeply down as an attacking smash
  2. Deep into the opponent’s court
  3. Low and flat through midcourt as a drive
  4. Just over the net to fall short
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: Deep into the opponent’s court

A clear gains depth and can move the opponent towards the backcourt.

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12 Food and drugs

Food, nutrition and hydration

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Explain nutrient functions
  • Relate food planning to activity

Understand it

Food supplies energy and materials for body functions. Carbohydrate and fat are important energy sources; protein supplies amino acids; vitamins and minerals support specific processes. Water supports transport and temperature regulation, while fibre supports normal digestive function.

A balanced diet provides appropriate variety and amounts over time. Age, activity, pregnancy and health conditions affect needs. Athletes still need ordinary balanced nutrition; a product labelled “sports” is not automatically necessary or suitable.

Food hygiene includes clean preparation, separation of raw and ready-to-eat food, thorough cooking and safe storage. Beverages differ in nutrient and sugar content. Symptoms such as tiredness have many possible causes, so they should not be used to diagnose a deficiency or justify unprescribed supplements.

Work through an example

Why does a long training session not justify replacing all meals with a sweet drink?

Explanation: A drink may supply fluid and energy but does not necessarily provide the range of nutrients supplied by balanced meals.

Watch out: Calories alone do not describe nutritional quality.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which nutrient class supplies amino acids?

  1. Protein
  2. Dietary fibre
  3. Fat
  4. Carbohydrate
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: Protein

Proteins are broken down into amino acids used by the body.

Question 2

Which practice reduces food contamination?

  1. Judge all food safety by smell
  2. Assume refrigeration sterilises contaminated food
  3. Separate raw and ready-to-eat food
  4. Reuse a raw-meat board after wiping it on clothing
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: Separate raw and ready-to-eat food

Separation reduces transfer of microorganisms from raw food.

Link to this topic

13 Food and drugs

Medicines, drug misuse and sporting ethics

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Distinguish appropriate use from misuse
  • Explain risks of unverified performance products

Understand it

A drug changes body functioning and may have a legitimate medical use. Safe use depends on the correct medicine, person, indication and directions. Misuse includes use contrary to appropriate instructions; harmful patterns can create medical and social problems.

Stimulants increase certain nervous-system activities; sedatives reduce some activity; other substances alter perception or pain. These broad categories do not establish a safe dose or make a substance suitable for sport. Sharing prescribed medicines or self-medicating from another person's symptoms is unsafe.

Performance-enhancing products can carry health and eligibility risks. Anti-doping requirements change and depend on current rules; check the relevant official list and qualified advice. Refusing unsafe pressure and seeking support are practical prevention skills, while stigma can discourage people from getting help.

Work through an example

Why is a teammate’s prescription not a suitable guide for treating another athlete?

Explanation: The diagnosis, dose, interactions and individual risks may differ, even if the symptoms seem similar.

Watch out: “Natural” does not automatically mean safe, effective or permitted in competition.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which is a misuse of medicine?

  1. Asking a pharmacist about instructions
  2. Checking an expiry date
  3. Following a valid prescription as directed
  4. Taking another person’s prescription without appropriate advice
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: Taking another person’s prescription without appropriate advice

A medicine prescribed for one person may be unsuitable or harmful for another.

Question 2

Why must an athlete check current anti-doping rules?

  1. A natural-product label guarantees eligibility
  2. A previous year’s list is always sufficient
  3. Prohibited substances and conditions can change
  4. Every over-the-counter medicine is permitted
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: Prohibited substances and conditions can change

Eligibility decisions require the current official requirements, not assumptions.

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14 Fitness and conditioning

Fitness components

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Distinguish health and skill-related fitness
  • Choose a relevant fitness measure

Understand it

Physical fitness is the capacity to meet particular activity demands. Health-related components commonly include cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition. Fitness is multidimensional, so one test cannot describe everything.

Skill-related components include speed, power, agility, balance, coordination and reaction time. Strength is the ability to produce force; power combines force with speed of movement. Agility involves changing direction effectively, not simply running fast in a straight line.

Tests should match the component being measured and use a consistent protocol. Health and training history affect interpretation. WHO supports regular age-appropriate activity, but a generic test score is not a medical diagnosis or a fair basis for excluding a learner.

Work through an example

A learner can lift a heavy load once but tires quickly during repeated lighter lifts. Which distinction is illustrated?

Explanation: Muscular strength differs from muscular endurance: a high single effort does not guarantee sustained repeated performance.

Watch out: Body size alone does not measure overall fitness.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which component concerns rapid direction changes?

  1. Flexibility
  2. Muscular endurance
  3. Agility
  4. Balance alone
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: Agility

Agility combines controlled direction change with movement efficiency.

Question 2

Which is mainly health-related fitness?

  1. Cardiorespiratory endurance
  2. Agility
  3. Reaction time
  4. Coordination
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: Cardiorespiratory endurance

Cardiorespiratory endurance concerns sustained oxygen delivery and use during activity.

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15 Fitness and conditioning

Training principles and conditioning

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Apply specificity, progression and recovery
  • Compare aerobic and anaerobic demands

Understand it

Specificity means training adaptations relate to the task performed. Overload gives a greater challenge than the body is accustomed to; progression increases the challenge gradually. Recovery allows adaptation, while long periods without training can lead to reversibility.

Aerobic conditioning supports sustained activity using oxygen-dependent energy processes. Very intense short efforts rely more heavily on anaerobic energy supply, although energy systems overlap. Strength training and endurance training emphasise different demands.

Frequency, intensity, time and type help describe a programme. A warm-up prepares for activity; a cool-down gradually reduces effort. Programmes should suit age, experience, health and environment. Sharp pain, illness or concerning symptoms are reasons to stop and seek appropriate help, not prove determination.

Work through an example

Why does training only long slow runs not fully prepare a learner for sprint acceleration?

Explanation: Specificity: sprint acceleration also requires high-speed force, technique and suitable short-effort practice.

Watch out: Aerobic and anaerobic systems do not operate as completely separate on/off switches.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Increasing training load gradually illustrates what?

  1. Progression
  2. Reversibility
  3. Individuality
  4. Specificity
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: Progression

Progression increases the challenge in manageable steps.

Question 2

Which principle explains loss of adaptations after prolonged inactivity?

  1. Progression
  2. Specificity
  3. Overload
  4. Reversibility
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: Reversibility

Training effects can decline when the stimulus is removed.

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16 Recreation and dance

Recreation, leisure and dance

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Distinguish leisure and recreation
  • Explain cultural and personal benefits

Understand it

Leisure is time relatively free from obligatory work; recreation is a chosen activity that refreshes or engages a person. Recreation may be active, such as walking, or less physically active, such as playing a musical instrument. Rest and sleep have distinct roles.

Outdoor activities include hiking, cycling and birdwatching; indoor activities include board games and music. Safety depends on the activity, setting, equipment and supervision. Swimming, for example, requires appropriate water safety rather than assuming any body of water is suitable.

Dance combines movement, rhythm, expression and social meaning. Nigerian dances belong to particular cultural settings and should be learned respectfully from reliable sources. Costume and movement may serve ceremonial or social purposes; they are not interchangeable decorations.

Work through an example

A person uses free time to play ayo with friends. Identify leisure and recreation.

Explanation: The available free time is leisure; the chosen game is the recreational activity.

Watch out: Recreation is not always a formal competition.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which best describes recreation?

  1. All obligatory household work
  2. A chosen activity for refreshment or enjoyment
  3. The free time available before any activity is chosen
  4. Only formal competitive training
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: A chosen activity for refreshment or enjoyment

Recreation is undertaken for enjoyment, renewal or engagement.

Question 2

Why should a traditional dance be studied in context?

  1. One performance can stand for every community’s version
  2. Costume alone establishes a dance’s complete meaning
  3. A shared rhythm proves all dances have one origin
  4. Its movement and costume may carry cultural meaning
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: Its movement and costume may carry cultural meaning

Context explains the occasion, meanings and accepted performance practices.

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17 First aid and safety

First aid: priorities and injury types

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Distinguish common injuries
  • Explain the limits and priorities of first aid

Understand it

First aid is immediate help for an injured or suddenly ill person while suitable further care is arranged. Priorities include safety, preservation of life, prevention of worsening and support for recovery. A first aider should remain calm, observe carefully and act within training.

A sprain affects a ligament; a strain affects muscle or tendon; a fracture is a broken bone; a dislocation disrupts normal joint alignment. Do not force a suspected fracture or dislocation back into place. Serious bleeding, breathing difficulty or altered consciousness needs urgent help.

A first-aid kit may contain gloves, sterile dressings and bandages, among other suitable items. Burns should not be treated with ice or household pastes; appropriate cooling and assessment matter. These notes teach recognition, not full emergency procedures: practical first-aid training is required for skills such as resuscitation.

Work through an example

Why is scene safety checked before approaching a casualty?

Explanation: Traffic, electricity, fire or other hazards could injure the rescuer and worsen the emergency.

Watch out: First aid does not replace professional assessment for serious injury.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

A sprain primarily involves which structure?

  1. Muscle belly
  2. Ligament
  3. Bone
  4. Tendon
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: Ligament

A sprain stretches or tears a ligament around a joint.

Question 2

What should an untrained helper avoid with a suspected dislocation?

  1. Keeping the person reassured
  2. Forcing the joint into place
  3. Avoiding further movement
  4. Seeking urgent help
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: Forcing the joint into place

Forceful manipulation can worsen injury and should not be attempted by an untrained person.

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18 First aid and safety

Accident prevention and disaster preparedness

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Distinguish hazards and risk
  • Explain preparedness and relief

Understand it

A hazard is a potential source of harm; risk considers the likelihood and severity of harm. A wet floor is a hazard, while its risk depends partly on traffic, visibility and safeguards. Identifying hazards before an accident is prevention.

Home, school and workplace safety includes maintained equipment, clear exits, safe storage and appropriate supervision. Disaster preparedness involves communication, evacuation plans, suitable supplies and defined responsibilities. Practising a plan can reveal problems before an actual event.

Relief activities may include shelter, water, food, healthcare and family reunification. Follow verified local instructions during an emergency and avoid spreading unconfirmed information. Assistance should protect dignity and prioritise those with greater access or support needs.

Work through an example

A school has an evacuation plan but its exit is blocked by furniture. What failed?

Explanation: The physical environment does not support the plan. Keeping exits usable is part of preparedness.

Watch out: A written plan is not enough if people cannot carry it out.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which is a hazard?

  1. A tested evacuation plan
  2. An exposed electrical cable
  3. A correctly installed cable cover
  4. A secured equipment store
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: An exposed electrical cable

An exposed cable can cause electrical injury.

Question 2

Which is disaster preparedness?

  1. Practising evacuation procedures
  2. Assuming a written plan needs no rehearsal
  3. Waiting for an incident before allocating responsibilities
  4. Keeping exits locked during occupied hours
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: Practising evacuation procedures

Practice improves readiness and reveals problems in the plan.

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19 National and international sport

Sports competitions and governing bodies

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What you should be able to do

  • Compare competition formats
  • Explain administrative roles

Understand it

A knockout competition eliminates participants after defeat; a league or round-robin format lets participants meet several or all others according to its structure. With n teams in a single complete round robin, matches = n(n−1)/2. A standard single-elimination competition needs n−1 matches to produce one winner.

Sports organisation requires fixtures, officials, facilities, eligibility checks, records and welfare arrangements. Nigerian institutional competitions include university and polytechnic games, while national festivals bring wider participation. Exact current organisers and eligibility rules need current official verification.

International bodies govern different sports: FIFA for football, FIBA for basketball, BWF for badminton and ITTF for table tennis. World Athletics is the current name of the body formerly known as the IAAF. The IOC has an Olympic role and is not the rule-making federation for every sport.

Work through an example

How many matches are needed in a complete single round robin among six teams?

Explanation: 6 × 5 ÷ 2 = 15 matches, with each pair meeting once.

Watch out: The IOC and individual international federations have different roles.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

How many matches produce one winner from eight teams in a standard single-elimination event?

  1. 16
  2. 8
  3. 7
  4. 28
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: 7

Each match eliminates one team; seven teams must be eliminated.

Question 2

Which body governs international basketball?

  1. FIFA
  2. ITTF
  3. BWF
  4. FIBA
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: FIBA

FIBA is the international basketball federation.

Link to this topic

20 Adapted Physical Education

Adapted activity and inclusive participation

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What you should be able to do

  • Explain adaptation without exclusion
  • Distinguish participation from rehabilitation

Understand it

Adapted Physical Education changes tasks, rules, equipment or environments so learners can participate meaningfully. Disability can interact with barriers in the surroundings; a staircase or unclear instruction can limit access independently of a person's motivation.

Adaptations may include an audible ball, a different playing area, additional processing time or an alternative way to demonstrate a skill. Ask about individual needs and preferences. People sharing a diagnosis do not necessarily need identical adaptations.

Rehabilitation and corrective exercise are individual professional activities, not generic punishment for a body difference. Inclusive teaching supports dignity, social connection and achievable challenge. Preventable injuries can be reduced, but not all disabilities are preventable or defects to be “fixed”.

Work through an example

How could a catching activity be adapted for a learner who needs more reaction time?

Explanation: A larger slower-moving ball, shorter distance or adjusted task may support participation, chosen with the learner and relevant guidance.

Watch out: Adaptation should preserve meaningful learning rather than automatically exclude a learner.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

What is the purpose of adapted PE?

  1. Meaningful participation through suitable changes
  2. Giving every learner the same task regardless of access
  3. Replacing individual assessment with diagnostic labels
  4. Removing all learning goals for disabled learners
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: Meaningful participation through suitable changes

Adaptation adjusts barriers while maintaining useful learning goals.

Question 2

Which is an environmental barrier?

  1. An inaccessible entrance
  2. A preferred learning style
  3. A measured fitness score
  4. A person’s diagnosis by itself
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: An inaccessible entrance

An inaccessible entrance prevents access regardless of willingness to participate.

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21 Personal and community health

Personal hygiene and screening

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Explain everyday hygiene
  • Distinguish screening from diagnosis

Understand it

Personal hygiene includes appropriate care of teeth, skin, hair, hands and nails. Handwashing reduces transfer of contamination; oral care helps protect teeth and gums. Hygiene is supported by water, suitable facilities and access to information.

Myopia is short-sightedness, commonly corrected using a diverging lens; hyperopia is long-sightedness, commonly corrected using a converging lens. Astigmatism involves uneven focusing related to the eye's optical surfaces. Actual eye problems require assessment rather than selecting spectacles from a school diagram.

Screening looks for possible problems before or without obvious symptoms. It does not always establish a diagnosis. Hearing, vision and dental checks can identify a need for further assessment. Pain, persistent changes or difficulty functioning should be taken seriously.

Work through an example

A screening test suggests reduced vision. Does this alone name the exact cause?

Explanation: No. Screening identifies a possible problem and the need for further assessment.

Watch out: Do not equate a screening result with a complete diagnosis.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which lens type is commonly used to correct myopia?

  1. A plain non-corrective lens
  2. Converging
  3. A converging lens for every visual defect
  4. Diverging
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: Diverging

A diverging lens helps bring the image back onto the retina in myopia.

Question 2

What is the main purpose of screening?

  1. Detecting possible problems for follow-up
  2. Guaranteeing that a negative result excludes every disease
  3. Treating the condition during every test
  4. Confirming every diagnosis without further assessment
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: Detecting possible problems for follow-up

Screening identifies people who may need further investigation.

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22 Personal and community health

Community services and environmental health

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Connect services to prevention
  • Explain safe water, waste and vector control

Understand it

Community health services include prevention, health education, maternal and child care, immunisation and treatment. Antenatal and postnatal services support families before and after birth. Care for older people should respect independence and dignity while addressing practical support needs.

Healthy environments need suitable housing, ventilation, water, sanitation and waste disposal. Refuse is solid waste; sewage includes wastewater containing human waste. Clear-looking water can still carry pathogens, so appearance alone does not prove safety.

A pest causes nuisance or harm; a vector transmits a disease agent. Some organisms are both. Reducing breeding sites, safe waste handling and appropriate barriers can reduce exposure. Pollution includes air, water, soil and noise hazards, and prevention often needs community-level action.

Work through an example

Why can a clean-looking stream still be unsafe for drinking?

Explanation: Pathogens or chemicals may be present without visible dirt, so safety requires appropriate assessment and treatment.

Watch out: Not every pest transmits disease, and not every pollutant is visible.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

What is a vector?

  1. An inanimate contaminated object
  2. An organism that transmits a disease agent
  3. The place where every pathogen multiplies
  4. The microorganism that causes every disease
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: An organism that transmits a disease agent

A vector carries a pathogen between hosts or sources.

Question 2

Which is a community-level preventive service?

  1. Only rehabilitation after an injury
  2. Only emergency fracture treatment
  3. Immunisation programmes
  4. Only inpatient surgery
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: Immunisation programmes

Immunisation protects individuals and can reduce community disease transmission.

Link to this topic

23 Disease prevention

Communicable diseases and transmission

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Match diseases to sound transmission principles
  • Correct common misconceptions

Understand it

Communicable diseases involve infectious agents that can spread through particular routes. Routes include respiratory spread, contaminated food or water, vectors, blood exposure and sexual contact. The relevant prevention depends on the agent and route, not simply on a disease being frightening.

Malaria is caused by parasites transmitted mainly through infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Polio is caused by a virus and spreads mainly by the faecal–oral route; the syllabus table's placement under airborne diseases is misleading. Ascaris lumbricoides is a roundworm, not a tapeworm as one syllabus parenthesis states.

HIV is not spread through ordinary hugging or sharing food. Stigma harms people and obstructs access to care. Prevention may involve vaccination where available, sanitation, vector control, safer practices and appropriate treatment. Antibiotics do not treat viral infections themselves.

Work through an example

Why should malaria prevention and cholera prevention not use exactly the same approach?

Explanation: Their transmission routes differ: mosquito exposure matters for malaria, while safe water, food and sanitation are central to cholera prevention.

Watch out: A syllabus printing error should not override established disease biology.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Ascaris lumbricoides is what?

  1. Protozoan
  2. Roundworm
  3. Tapeworm
  4. Fluke
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: Roundworm

Ascaris is a parasitic roundworm; it is not a tapeworm.

Question 2

Which does not transmit HIV in ordinary social contact?

  1. Exposure to infected blood
  2. Hugging
  3. Sharing contaminated injection equipment
  4. Certain sexual exposures
Show answer and explanation

Answer B: Hugging

Ordinary hugging does not transmit HIV.

Link to this topic

24 Disease prevention

Non-communicable conditions

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Distinguish infectious and non-infectious conditions
  • Explain multifactorial risk without blame

Understand it

Non-communicable conditions are not passed between people by ordinary infection transmission. Examples include many cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, asthma and cancers. Their causes can involve genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioural factors.

Sickle-cell disease is inherited through haemoglobin-gene variants; it is not caught by sharing a classroom. Epilepsy typically involves recurrent unprovoked seizures associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain, and is not contagious. A seizure does not by itself establish epilepsy; diagnosis requires appropriate clinical assessment. Different conditions need different assessment and management.

Activity, nutrition, avoiding tobacco and appropriate healthcare can reduce some risks, but no single habit prevents every condition. A person should not be blamed for illness. Early assessment and supported treatment can matter even when symptoms are not visible.

Work through an example

Can someone acquire sickle-cell disease by playing on the same team as a person who has it?

Explanation: No. Sickle-cell disease is inherited, not spread through sporting contact.

Watch out: “Non-communicable” does not mean unimportant, untreatable or caused only by lifestyle.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which is inherited rather than contagious?

  1. Cholera
  2. Influenza
  3. Sickle-cell disease
  4. Measles
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: Sickle-cell disease

Sickle-cell disease results from inherited haemoglobin variants.

Question 2

Which is a sound statement about NCD causes?

  1. Every case has the same behavioural cause
  2. Genes alone explain every NCD
  3. Several biological and environmental factors may contribute
  4. A healthy habit makes every NCD impossible
Show answer and explanation

Answer C: Several biological and environmental factors may contribute

NCD risk commonly involves interacting factors, not a single universal cause.

Link to this topic

25 Family life education

Family life and reproductive health rights

Read this lesson

What you should be able to do

  • Explain respectful family relationships
  • Distinguish pregnancy prevention and STI prevention

Understand it

Family life includes care, communication, cooperation and shared responsibilities across different family structures. A supportive family respects safety, dignity and individual needs. Conflict should be managed without coercion or violence.

Sexuality education includes accurate information about development, consent, relationships and reproductive health. Consent must be freely given; pressure and force are incompatible with it. Privacy and access to reliable health information support informed decisions.

Family planning concerns whether and when to have children. Methods differ in how they work and in suitability. Correct and consistent condom use reduces pregnancy risk and many STI risks; most other contraceptive methods do not prevent STIs. Individual medical choices need qualified advice, not a general quiz answer.

Work through an example

Why should a family-planning lesson separately discuss STIs?

Explanation: Preventing pregnancy and reducing infection risk are different goals, and not every method addresses both.

Watch out: Consent is not established by silence, pressure or a relationship label.

2 practice questions with answers

Try each question before opening its answer. These are original CampusNinja practice questions.

Question 1

Which feature supports a healthy relationship?

  1. Freely given consent and respect
  2. Sharing private information without agreement
  3. Agreement obtained through pressure
  4. Assuming silence always means consent
Show answer and explanation

Answer A: Freely given consent and respect

Respect and consent support safety and autonomy.

Question 2

Which statement is accurate?

  1. An absence of symptoms proves STI-free status
  2. Hormonal contraception prevents all STIs
  3. All pregnancy-prevention methods block infection
  4. Contraceptive methods differ in STI protection
Show answer and explanation

Answer D: Contraceptive methods differ in STI protection

Most contraceptive methods do not protect against STIs; correct condom use reduces many STI risks.

Link to this topic

Syllabus source and learning material

Scope checked against JAMB’s IBASS source on 2026-10-16. Current IBASS file; not independently labelled 2027. Notes, examples and practice questions are original CampusNinja learning material, not authenticated JAMB past questions.

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